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The Progressivism movement emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a response to the rapid industrialization and urbanization in the United States. Progressives were concerned about the social problems that came with these changes, such as poor working conditions, child labor, corruption in government, and the widening gap between the rich and the poor. They advocated for a range of reforms aimed at improving society, including labor rights, women's suffrage, and regulatory measures to curb corporate power. Through activism and legislation, Progressives sought to create a more equitable and just society by addressing the negative consequences of industrialization.

Transcendentalism, while influential in promoting individualism and a connection to nature, did not primarily focus on addressing the social issues brought about by industrialization. Socialism sought to address economic inequality but did so through a more radical restructuring of society, rather than through the political reforms associated with Progressivism. Populism primarily advocated for the interests of farmers and the rural working class but did not encompass the broader social reforms that Progressives pursued in urban industrial contexts.